• Introverts and extroverts have different brain chemistry ways of functioning.
• Introverts often need to take time out in an "introvert hangover."
• This is where they spend time alone and recharge after a lot of social stimulation.
• But this isn't a negative experience.
• In fact, introverts spend this time being creative and learning about themselves.

If you identify as more of an introvert than an extrovert, you'll know that means you are more energised by spending time on your own, or in very small intimate groups of people you trust. It doesn't mean you are a hermit or dislike social situations — you just often need time to recharge alone after them.

This time to regroup is sometimes called an "introvert hangover" because after a lot of social stimulation, whether that's in a small group or a noisy overstimulated context, an introvert's nervous system gets overwhelmed.

Essentially, an introvert brain functions differently than an extrovert brain. An extrovert has a very high threshold for dopamine, so they require constant stimulation. An introvert has a very low threshold, so they reach their limit much sooner.

Also, while an extrovert can approach an event objectively, an introvert has a lot more going on internally. For example, they notice all sorts of details, are self-conscious about themselves and the mistakes they are making, and draw a lot from their long-term memory bank when speaking. All of this is emotionally exhausting, so it's no surprise they need to take some time to regroup afterwards.

But an introvert hangover isn't exactly a bad thing. For most, it means curling up with a book or a film, or doing a relaxing hobby like drawing.

"During introvert hangover you can use this time to explore who you are," Perpetua Neo, a doctor of psychology, told Business Insider. "You can accelerate your professional and personal growth... And the more comfortable you are with telling people I have an introvert hangover, this is the time for myself, I'm blocking these chunks of time dedicated to me, the more you are able to own yourself as an introvert."

Introvert hangovers are a good time to reflect on yourself and how much you have achieved. For those who never take this time out, they may not realise the progress they've made. So although it's a requirement for introverts to take time to themselves, it can also be of great benefit to them.

For some introverts, a hangover means sleeping for long periods of time, and Neo said that's fine too.

"When you sleep, you are actually integrating all your memories, discarding all the things you don't need, and your body is detoxing," she said. "It also helps you to be wise, to be creative, to spend time on your own projects... It's really about all the resources you're going to carve out for that."

SEE ALSO: What everyone gets wrong about introverts — including why they are not antisocial or lazy

Join the conversation about this story »

NOW WATCH: Why eating fat won't always make you gain weight

Psychopaths are difficult to spot most of the time. They're not the "Jack the Ripper" caricatures you see in films or read about in books. Often, psychopaths appear normal, which makes them hard to identify.

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM-5, someone with a psychopathic personality type is defined as having an inflated, grandiose sense of themself, and a knack for manipulating other people. But a diagnosis is rarely simple.

One thing psychopaths tend to have in common is the careers they go for. For example, you're likely to find a lot of them in leadership positions because of their ruthlessness, charisma, and fearlessness. They're very good at making snap decisions, but not so good at the empathetic professions like nursing or therapy.

Kevin Dutton, a British psychologist and writer, specialises in the study of psychopathy. In his book "The Wisdom of Psychopaths: What Saints, Spies, and Serial Killers Can Teach Us About Success," he made a list of the types of jobs that attract the most psychopaths.

"Functional psychopaths," as Dutton calls them, "use their detached, unflinching, and charismatic personalities to succeed in mainstream society." In other words, psychopaths often live as normal people with a few traits that make them different.

Scroll down to see what the top 10 career choices for psychopaths are, ranked in ascending order by popularity.

SEE ALSO: Psychopaths cannot be cured — here's why

10. Civil servant

Being a civil servant is the 10th most popular career choice for psychopaths, according to Dutton. In fact, in 2014, UK Government officials considered recruiting psychopaths specifically "to keep order," because they are "very good in crises" and have "no feelings for others, nor moral code, and tend to be very intelligent and logical."

9. Chef

Most psychopaths have no interest in harming others, so don't worry about the fact chefs have access to open flames and knives during their work day. Psychopaths thrive in chaos where other people may fail, which could be one reason they work so well in a hectic kitchen.

8. Clergy person

In a blog post for Psychology Today, FBI veteran Joe Navarro explains some of the reasons psychopathic people may go for a career in the Clergy. Among them are the fact religious organisations may provide a means for people to exploit others, while also giving legitimacy to their actions. Also, it is easy to make alliances, which can give manipulative people the upper hand in gaining access to sensitive information.

Anna Kaiser knows a thing or two about toning up and getting in shape.

Kaiser is a personal trainer whose roster of celebrity clients includes Shakira, Karlie Kloss, Sofia Vergara, Kelly Ripa, and Sarah Jessica Parker. 

If you’re looking to get in shape for the summer, Kaiser recommends a few simple, dynamic moves that she says can produce better results than the typical sit ups, crunches, or squats that many people rely on at the gym.

She offers a key piece of advice for those trying these moves: "higher reps, lower weights."

That means repeating the motion more times with lighter weights, rather than using heavy ones that limit how many repetitions you can manage. Other fitness experts also recommend doing faster reps with less weight for anyone aiming for a "summer bod." 

Here's how to do Kaiser's three moves, which you can practice almost anywhere.

SEE ALSO: The 7 best exercises for toning your body right now

Let's start with your stomach. "If you want your abs to appear flatter and to be stronger you have to strengthen the deep core stabilizers," Kaiser told Business Insider.

Kaiser said one of the biggest mistakes people make when working on the core is assuming that doing lots of crunches will help them develop a killer six pack.

Instead, here's the approach she suggests for sculpting "awesome flat abs":

Start seated on the floor, with your knees bent. Take hold of the area behind your knees with your hands and pull in your abs while tilting your pelvis forward. This will create a c-shaped curve in your spine. Next, raise your arms and press them towards the back of the room in little pulses.

All the while, keep those abs in and the spine curved. 

Try a set of 10 or 20 of these to start. 

Next, Kaiser suggests a twist on the standard push-up that will tone your entire upper body and give you tighter, trimmer arms.

To start, come into a half plank (knees on the ground) or full plank (knees off the ground, as pictured).

• Snoring isn't just annoying — it can be a sign of a serious medical condition known as sleep apnea.
• People with sleep apnea snore because their airway is closing throughout the night, which prevents them from getting enough oxygen.
• There are strategies that can relieve snoring and mild sleep apnea, and doctors can provide more serious solutions for severe cases.

A number of factors can trigger the vibrating, buzz-saw breathing sounds that we call snoring.

Someone might snore sporadically if they're suffering from allergies or a cold, if they've been drinking, or even in some cases if they sleep on their back. A more regular snoring habit can come from chronic untreated allergies, weight gain, or a structural problem in someone's nose or throat.

Loud snoring, of course, creates discomfort for the snorer and dismay for anyone who happens to share a room with them. But snoring can sometimes be a more serious problem — it's one of the primary symptoms of a common medical condition called sleep apnea.

In a person with sleep apnea, their airway closes often enough to impede the flow of oxygen to their body and brain. That's difficult to live with on a day-to-day basis, as it ruins sleep. It also increases risk for cardiovascular problems like strokes and heart attacks, as well as a number of chronic medical conditions including diabetes and high blood pressure.

"Snoring can be dangerous," Dr. Karen Lee, an assistant professor of neurology at NYU Langone, told Business Insider. Lee specializes in sleep medicine and treats patients with sleep apnea and a number of other conditions at NYU's Sleep Institute.

She added: "Often my patients are sleeping in separate beds [from their partners] by the time they come in."

Treating snoring

Snoring is the word we use to describe the sound air makes as it travels through a turbulent or collapsing pathway in the upper airway, according to Lee. The sound can be triggered by collapsing anywhere from the mouth or tip of the nose down the throat.

Since sickness, inflammation, tonsils, allergies, and more can all make a person snore, there are a number of approaches to managing the condition.

If nasal congestion or a deviated septum are causing the snoring, Lee said nasal strips or nose cones that open nasal passages can alleviate the problem. If allergies are involved, a neti pot rinse can relieve some of the trouble. In other cases, an over-the-counter nasal spray like Flonase may help, though Lee said patients should talk to their doctor before starting regular use of any medication.

For some people, sleeping flat on their back is enough to make the airway collapse, especially if they've gained weight. In cases like that when snoring has to do with body position, Lee said some people can elevate the upper part of their bed or sleep on top of wedged pillows to slightly raise the top of their body and relieve some pressure on the airway. Others can just sleep on their sides — some people even sew a tennis ball into the back of a t-shirt to make sure they never settle on their back.

Behavioral changes can make a difference too. Since weight gain can put pressure on the airway, sleep specialists advise some patients to lose weight to reduce problems with snoring. Alcohol relaxes the airway too, so if a doctor thinks drinking might be causing snoring, they may suggest cutting back.

Finally, some people snore simply because of the structure of their airway. Lee said people who snore for these reasons often have a snore-prone parent who shares their facial (and presumably airway) structure.

Assessing the problem 

If someone's airway collapses at least five times in an hour (which often triggers that snoring sound), it qualifies as obstructive sleep apnea and should be treated, Lee said. Anyone regularly experiencing nighttime breathing troubles should be assessed for sleep apnea.

The National Sleep Foundation estimates that 5-20% of adults have some degree of obstructive sleep apnea, which is the most common form of the condition and involves the airway collapsing. (There is another rare form in which the brain doesn't send the signals telling the body to breathe.) But experts say sleep apnea is under-diagnosed and that some surveys have found symptoms in up to a third of adults.

The gold-standard test to see if someone has sleep apnea is an overnight sleep study in a clinic. Researchers record the sounds made in a person's throat as they sleep (since some people don't know they snore) and track the patient's brain waves to assess how they're sleeping.

But it can be difficult to get an appointment for an in-house sleep study, and insurance companies aren't always willing to cover those appointments. So many people first do a home sleep study, using recording equipment that a doctor sends home with a patient. These tests can accurately assess sleep apnea, but they sometimes underestimate the degree to which a person's breathing is limited and might miss mild cases, Lee said.

Treating sleep apnea

If a person does have sleep apnea, a more aggressive treatment may be necessary.

For some people, a dental oral appliance — a device that looks like a mouthguard — can propels the lower jaw forward and open up the airway sufficiently. But some patients experience jaw or bite alignment issues with these devices, according to Lee.

The primary treatment for severe cases relies on a continuous positive airway pressure or CPAP machine: a device that forces air pressure through a mask into a person's airway. It provides enough air pressure to keep the airway open throughout the night.

Not every patient needs a device like the CPAP at the start, according to Lee. But she cautions that sleep apnea is a progressive disease that tends to get more serious as people get older. As we age, "everything tends to sag a bit more," she explained, and that's true inside your airway, too. A patient who can use milder treatments for a while might still eventually need a CPAP.

Treatments for sleep apnea can also help people who snore chronically, even if that snoring doesn't actually limit the oxygen getting into their system.

While some of these steps might seem like extreme, research about the benefits of a good night's sleep suggests that anything you can to ensure quality rest is probably worthwhile.

SEE ALSO: Strength training doesn't just build muscle — it also helps fight depression, a new study found

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NOW WATCH: Snoring was ruining my relationship — here’s how a sleep doctor fixed my sleep apnea

• Like the "smart" thermostat and doorbell before it, the paper-and-pen notebook has now been upgraded for the 21st century.
• Rocketbook makes notebooks that let users access their notes on the web.
• In 2016, the Rocketbook founders pitched the "Shark Tank" judges on investing in the startup — and were rejected by every investor.

Rocketbook, a startup that makes and sells "smart" paper-and-pen notebooks that let users access their notes on the internet, crashed and burned in an episode of "Shark Tank."

In 2016, Jake Epstein and Joe LeMay tried to raise $400,000 at a $4 million valuation, and left without a single offer from the show's judges. Now, the founders say it's the sharks' loss.

Since the "Shark Tank" episode aired in May 2017, business has been booming.

Rocketbook has launched four products and sold over one million notebooks since its founding in 2015. The Rocketbook Everlast, a notebook that wipes clean with water, is Amazon's best-selling wirebound notebook. According to the founders, the company has pulled $10 million in revenue to date.

"We've run a wrecking ball through the notebook industry by creating something that's a thousand times more useful than the existing product in that industry," LeMay told Business Insider.

Rocketbook's notebooks look like regular binders of paper, and writing in them isn't any more magical. But when you're done taking notes, you draw a check over one of seven icons — such as a star, horseshoe, or diamond — at the bottom of the page and take a photo of the page with the Rocketbook smartphone app.

The app edits the photo for brightness and clarity and sends your notes to whatever cloud-based service you choose. You might want notes marked with a four-leaf clover to go straight to your Google Drive, while notes designated with a diamond arrive in your spouse's inbox.

Some of Rocketbook's products are even reusable. When you write in the Rocketbook Everlast ($34) using any pen from the Pilot Frixion line, the ink erases with a damp cloth. That's because the notebook's pages are made from a polyester composite rather than wood.

The Rocketbook Wave ($27) zaps notes away when you heat it in the microwave, though it can only be nuked up to five times. Both notebooks use patent-pending technologies that the founders would not reveal — not even to the sharks.

How to swim with the sharks and not get eaten

According to LeMay, the "Shark Tank" producers found Rocketbook on their own. They invited the founders to apply to be on the show and flew them from Boston to Los Angeles.

LeMay said he and Epstein prepared for the show's taping by watching episodes of "Shark Tank." They wrote on index cards every type of question asked, and scribbled responses on the backs. When they arrived in Los Angeles, they walked with their heads buried in the index cards.

"We had a stack of index cards — I kid you not — five inches deep," LeMay said.

During the taping, the sharks peppered the founders with questions for about an hour. They talked over each other and interrupted the founders. In a word, it was "chaos," LeMay said.

Mark Cuban was rendered speechless at one point. Barbara Corcoran called it a gimmick.

Kevin O'Leary, another "Shark Tank" investor, suggested the founders were out of their minds to make a product that claims to be reusable. He asked how they intended to make money.

"The only reason I'm microwaving this book is to erase it, so I don't have to buy a new one. What's the matter with you guys?" O'Leary asked. "Don't you want to sell a second book?"

By then, Rocketbook had already shipped 75,000 notebooks to crowdfunding backers and other customers. The founders told O'Leary that customers buy more notebooks because they like the Rocketbook system — that it sorts and preserves their notes where they can access them remotely.

LeMay actually got the idea for Rocketbook after leaving behind some important notes. He was working as a sales executive at Salesforce at the time and was pitching another executive at a mid-sized company to buy Salesforce's products. LeMay prepared extensive notes for the meeting.

"I reached into my bag to grab my notebook, where I had prepared pages and pages of notes to add value to this meeting. I pulled it out," he said, "and I had the wrong notebook."

He wasn't broken up about walking away from "Shark Tank" empty-handed. One month before the episode aired, Rocketbook raised over $2.5 million in a crowdfunding campaign for the Rocketbook Everlast, making it the most funded office supply product in Kickstarter history.

SEE ALSO: This founder went from scooping ice cream to running a $250 million startup that caters lunch for Salesforce, BuzzFeed, and Fandango — here's how he did it

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NOW WATCH: 'Shark Tank' star Barbara Corcoran shares her keys to making a good first impression

• Picking an interview outfit might be one of the more stressful parts of preparing for a job interview.
• An ideal interview look shows the employer that you're a good cultural fit for the company.
• What not to wear to an interview includes suits at a laid-back start-up and T-shirts at a law firm.
• Above all, interview outfits should be unwrinkled, clean, and not revealing.

Your interview outfit should be professional and put-together. It won't necessarily be the most stylish outfit you'll ever wear, but it should communicate confidence and a good work ethic.

But the days of absolutely having to wear a suit to a job interview are over, said Marc Cenedella, CEO of recruiting firm Ladders.

In fact, rolling up to the office in a suit or skirt suit when everyone else is wearing jeans could hurt you in the interview process. It shows you're not a cultural fit for the company.

"Some of the most common mistakes people make when dressing for an interview are following old and outdated advice or not taking the time to do their research and ask questions about the company culture ahead of time," Cenedella told Business Insider.

Cenedella suggested reaching out to your recruiter, company contact, or the HR team to get a sense for what people at the company typically wear to work.

"You can always be direct and ask 'Will I feel out of place in formal business attire?'" Cenedella told Business Insider. "If they answer 'not at all,' you know it's expected."

Regardless of the typical level of dress in the office, some decorum during the interview is still necessary — yoga pants, wrinkled shirts, or ripped denim shouldn't be in your interview wardrobe even for the most casual workplaces.

Here are the 17 things you definitely shouldn't wear to a job interview:

SEE ALSO: 16 things you should never wear to work — even if you work in a business casual environment

DON'T MISS: 28 brilliant questions to ask at the end of every job interview

SEE ALSO: How to dress your best in any work environment, from a casual office to the boardroom

Anything that's wrinkled or wrinkle-prone

Ironing your interview look the night before is a non-negotiable.

"Make sure it's clean, unwrinkled, and that you feel that it presents you in the best possible light," Betsy Aimee, a digital content producer who writes on workplace fashion and entrepreneurship, told Business Insider. "People make an assumption about you before you sit down in the seat and start talking."

Something that doesn't quite fit you or is stained

That dress that's just a little too tight? Those shoes that have salt stains?

You want to wear your best, most-polished clothing to the interview so you can feel confident from the get-go. Don't start off on the wrong foot with clothing that doesn't feel comfortable or look presentable. 

Light colors

If you're taking public transportation or have a tendency to spill coffee on yourself, avoid wearing light colors, Barbara Pachter, author of "The Essentials of Business Etiquette" and business communications coach, told Business Insider.

Stained clothing is the ultimate no-go for job interview looks. Dark colors are the least likely to show stains, and are the safest bet. 

• "Deadpool 2" took in an estimated $125 million over the weekend.
• The movie broke the record for highest-grossing opening day for an R-rated movie with $53.3 million on Friday.
  

"Deadpool 2" proved that the record-breaking success of the original in 2016 was not a fluke as the movie took in an estimated $125 million at the domestic box office over the weekend, according to The Hollywood Reporter.

The latest adventure from Marvel's most crude superhero wasn't able to beat the original movie's $132.4 million opening, which will remain the highest-grossing opening weekend of all time for an R-rated movie.

But it took in $53.3 million on Friday to break the record for biggest opening day for an R movie, surpassing last year's hit, "It" ($50.4 million).

"Deadpool 2" pulled off this performance by living up to the lofty expectations of the franchise that came from Ryan Reynolds' depiction of the Merc With a Mouth in the first movie, who wasn't just a foul-mouthed hitman but was also armed with loads of meta jokes.

The sequel didn't just have timely jokes, but more ultraviolent action than the first movie and a whole lot of Easter eggs. That led to the movie earning an 83% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. And it also helped that its studio, 20th Century Fox, put the movie on a whopping 4,349 screens (it was certainly gunning to break the record the first "Deadpool" set, but think the studio is still happy this morning).

The performance by Deadpool finally dethroned the top box office performer for the last three weeks, "Avengers: Infinity War." The Marvel title from Disney/Marvel Studios came in second place with $29 million. That puts the movie's domestic total at close to $600 million.

And coming in third place with an impressive $12.5 million is Paramount's "Book Club." Geared toward the older crowd with a cast headlined by Diane Keaton, Jane Fonda, Candice Bergen, and Mary Steenburgen, the movie exceeded the $9 million to $10 million industry projections thrown at it going into the weekend.

SEE ALSO: All the "X-Men" movies, ranked from worst to best

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NOW WATCH: I ate nothing but 'healthy' fast food for a week — here’s what happened

• Night owls might feel too intimidated (or tired) to design their own morning routine. 
• But productivity experts say morning routines can be beneficial even if it's only a 10- or 20-minute add-on to your morning activities. 
• Start by identifying one habit you wish you had — writing, reading, meditating, and so on.

About a third of people are night owls. They have difficulty waking up early, can easily stay up at night, and find that they're able to do their best work in the evening.

Understandably, they're not able to mesh with the new societal expectation of waking up at 4 a.m. to read a novel, do marathon training, cook a three-course breakfast, and write a few poems.

Though night owls might hate the morning time, it's important to make them at least a little enjoyable. Mornings set the tone for the rest of your day, Eric Barker, author of "The Surprising Science Behind Why Everything You Know About Success Is (Mostly) Wrong" told Business Insider.

And, according to productivity guru Laura Vanderkam, an ideal morning routine doesn't need to be an hours-long, sunrise experience.

"It doesn't have to happen at 5 a.m. to count as a morning routine," Vanderkam, the author of several productivity and time management books including the forthcoming "Off the Clock: Feel Less Busy While Getting More Done," told Business Insider.

"It's about having something that makes you feel like you started the day in a way you wish you started the day," Vanderkam added.

Here's how to design a morning routine that accommodates your night owl ways. 

SEE ALSO: 18 people who prove you don't have to wake up incredibly early to be successful

1. Ask yourself why you really can't wake up

Maybe you're a night owl and you need the evening time to do your best work of the day. 

But more likely, Vanderkam said, you're spending your nights on Netflix, Instagram, or some other non-essential task.

Relaxation is important, of course. But, if you're hoping to start reading or exercising more regularly, you shouldn't spend your Tuesday night re-watching The Office for the umpteenth time until 2 a.m.. 

"Look at how you're spending your time before sleep, and ask yourself, 'Am I happy with that?'" Vanderkam told Business Insider. "If you are, awesome, but if you're not, then go to bed a little bit earlier."

2. Figure out one habit you want to add to your day

Maybe you want to read more novels, meditate, or build arm strength. Don't pick a habit that you think should be doing — find one that actually makes you excited. 

"If you feel like this is just some dumb project, you're not going to be terribly motivated," Barker told Business Insider.

Being super-motivated is especially important for night owls. While they tend to be more creative than morning people, they also tend to be less intrinsically motivated, Barker said.

3. Set your alarm back by 10 to 20 minutes

If your morning routine has at least one meaningful activity, it's a win. And that "doesn't have to take three hours," Vanderkam said.

If you want to add more exercise, don't feel like you need to go on an hour-long run. Do the seven-minute workout. And while meditating for 30 minutes can be highly-beneficial, so can five minutes of silence. 

Also, there's a surprising benefit to being a little sleepy during your morning routine, Barker said. When we're tired, we're "fuzzy" in the head — therefore, more creative. Sort of like "write drunk, edit sober."

"In the morning typically they are going to be more creative and less analytical," Barker told Business Insider. They should ask themselves in the morning, "What are the creative problems that I need to solve first? Not the rigorous, logical tasks."

So perhaps morning might be the best time for night owls to get started on that Pulitzer Prize-winning novel — or just writing a page in a journal for similar mental benefits.

• Getting people to take you seriously isn't always easy.
• It depends on elements like your appearance, your speech, and your body language.
• We put together 15 tricks that will help you establish credibility quickly. Examples include saying "no" on occasion and giving a solid handshake.

Just because you're smart, thoughtful, and competent doesn't necessarily mean people perceive you that way.

If you want coworkers and friends to take you seriously, you've got to think seriously about the image you're projecting — from your outfit to your speech to your body language.

To that end, we put together a list of 15 science- and expert-backed strategies to help you establish credibility, fast.

SEE ALSO: 16 psychological tricks to make people like you immediately

Get to work early

The early bird gets the ... credibility?

Research from the Michael G. Foster School of Business at the University of Washington suggests that employees who get into the office early are generally perceived by their managers as more conscientious and receive higher performance ratings than employees who arrive later.

And it doesn't matter if those who get in later stay later, too.

If you feel that you'd be more productive working from, say, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. instead of 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., consider explaining the situation to your manager and confronting their potential "morning bias" head-on.

Say 'no' sometimes

Successful people have mastered the art of declining requests. In fact, when psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi wrote to a series of creative professors to interview them for a book he was writing, one-third responded "no," typically citing a lack of time.

You can even say "no" to your boss on occasion — as long as you frame it the right way.

For example, if your boss assigns you a project but you're already overloaded with other projects, national workplace expert Lynn Taylor recommends saying something like: "I would be happy to do that project, but what that could mean is that [whatever other project you're working on] will have to be put off until tomorrow, because I was actually going to spend the next three hours finishing that proposal. Would you like me to put that off?"

The idea here is not to blindly agree to every request that comes your way — even if it seems impossible to decline.

Write simply

Resist the temptation to flaunt your fancy vocabulary.

A 2012 Princeton study — with the fitting title "Consequences of erudite vernacular utilized irrespective of necessity: problems with using long words needlessly" — found that clumsily using big words often causes people to think you're less intelligent.

In one of a series of experiments, researchers selected a sociology dissertation abstract with lots of long words and created a "simplified" version by replacing every word of nine or more letters with its second shortest entry in the Microsoft Word 2000 thesaurus. Then they asked 35 Stanford undergrads to read the dissertation and rate both the author's intelligence and how difficult the writing was to understand.

Results showed that the simplified version was perceived as less complex — and its author was judged as more intelligent.

• Prince Harry married Meghan Markle in a lavish affair at Windsor Castle.
• The event was attended by a vast array of A-list celebrities including David Beckham and Serena Williams.
• Highlights of the ceremony included Bishop Michael Curry's passionate speech.

Prince Harry and Meghan Markle are now officially married. The couple tied the knot at Windsor Castle on Saturday in front of close friends and family.

Watch the video to see the best bits of the day.

Produced by David Ibekwe.

SEE ALSO: We tried Prince Harry's favourite cocktail, a 'treasure chest' from one of London's most popular nightclubs

Join the conversation about this story »

• The Rock and Conor McGregor have been gushing over each other on Instagram.
• Hollywood actor and former WWE star The Rock watched "Conor McGregor: Notorious" — a documentary that detailed McGregor's rise to the top of the mixed martial arts world.
• The Rock told his 106 million followers that the movie is a knockout success.
• It did not take long for McGregor to notice the review, and the Irishman called The Rock his "uce" — Samoan slang for brother.

Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson and Conor McGregor have been gushing over each other on Instagram.

Johnson, renowned for roles in hit movies like "Moana" and "Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle," watched "Conor McGregor: Notorious" — the documentary that detailed the Irishman's extraordinary rise to the top of the combat sports world.

The filmmakers behind "Notorious" followed McGregor over the course of four years — from the fighter's humble beginnings claiming benefits in Ireland, to his unprecedented success in mixed martial arts where he became a two-weight world champion in UFC.

For Johnson, the documentary delivered a stunning knockout and he told his 106 million followers on Instagram that the movie provides "great insight into the DNA of this successful and smart business man."

Johnson said: "Best part of his success, is when you strip it all away — it will always come down to being the hardest worker in the room. Those roots never go away."

Johnson added: "Solid doc. Well done brother."

It did not take long for McGregor to notice the feedback.

The Irishman said: "Thank you Rock! Your work ethic is inspiring to me and I appreciate these words very much!"

McGregor signed off by saying "big respect my Uce," which is Samoan slang for brother.

McGregor took a hiatus from UFC so he could challenge Floyd Mayweather to a boxing rules contest in 2017 — a bout he lost in the 10th round.

He was due to return to a UFC octagon this year but talk of a comeback bout has been postponed as McGregor is due to appear in a New York City court on June 14.

He faces assault and mischief charges for allegedly throwing a metal trolley through the window of a bus carrying UFC athletes and employees.

SEE ALSO: Superstar wrestler John Cena wants to share a ring with UFC fighter Conor McGregor — but there's one massive catch

DON'T MISS: Conor McGregor has officially been stripped of his lightweight title — but UFC president Dana White has his eye on a 'massive' fight for the Irishman

UP NEXT: Conor McGregor hasn't fought for 18 months, got arrested, but still rose up the UFC rankings — and people are not happy

Join the conversation about this story »

NOW WATCH: NBA ref explains why the James Harden step-back jumper isn't traveling

• Terry Crews plays Bedlam, a member of X-Force, in "Deadpool 2."
• But this version of a team of more edgy X-Men mutants doesn't last long in the movie.
• Crews explains how the X-Force sequence in "Deadpool 2" turned out to be a huge practical joke on the audience.

Warning: MAJOR spoilers below if you haven't seen "Deadpool 2."

The birth of the X-Force was in the trailers, posters, and almost all other marketing for "Deadpool 2."

But if you saw the latest Marvel hit over the weekend, you know the formation of a grittier version of the X-Men didn't happen the way the movie's marketing teased it.

Let's set the stage. In "Deadpool 2," the Merc With a Mouth finds himself up against a soldier from the future, Cable, who is driven to kill a young mutant named Russell. Deadpool, by this point in the movie, has alienated himself from the only X-Men members who would talk to him, and he decides to form his own super team to stop Cable. He calls it X-Force.

Enter the mutants Bedlam (Terry Crews), Shatterstar (Lewis Tan), Zeitgeist (Bill Skarsgård), Vanisher, Domino (Zazie Beetz), and Peter (Rob Delaney). Well, Peter isn't a mutant, but he wowed Deadpool at the audition. They team up with Deadpool and head out to take on Cable and spring Russell from prison. They all skydive from a large plane to pull off their plan.

Almost all of this is teased in the trailers. But what happens next is one of the biggest shocks of the movie.

Because of strong winds on the day Deadpool decides to do the jump, his X-Force mates veer off course, and they all suffer horrific deaths — except for Domino because her superpower is being really, really lucky. Bedlam glides facefirst into the windshield of a bus. Shatterstar is chopped up by helicopter blades. Peter dies after being covered in the acid vomit spewed by Zeitgeist just before he's sucked into a wood chipper. And Vanisher flies right into power lines — with the electrical shock revealing he's played by Brad Pitt.

The sequence is one of the most memorable from the movie and is the biggest example of the lengths Ryan Reynolds and the director David Leitch went to give audiences a very different superhero sequel.

Business Insider talked to Terry Crews about what it was like to be a part of the movie's biggest joke, why there was fight footage of Bedlam in the trailers if it wasn't going to be in the movie, and whether anyone on the set knew Brad Pitt was playing Vanisher.

Jason Guerrasio: Going into doing the movie, were they straight up with you about the fate of Bedlam?

Terry Crews: I knew everything. We were trolling the world. That was the whole point. And the big thing was to keep it a secret. That was the hardest part. I didn't even tell my wife what was going to happen. My son was like, "What happens?" and I was like, "I'm not going to tell you."

Guerrasio: So what many people, like me, are wondering after seeing the movie is what is that footage of you knocking someone out in the trailer? Did you guys shoot more X-Force footage?

Crews: [Laughs.] Yes. We shot a whole scene that we knew was never going to be in the movie. I'm telling you, it's the biggest troll of all time. I couldn't believe we were going to do this.

Guerrasio: They were just going to use that footage for the marketing knowing it wasn't going to be in the movie.

Crews: Exactly. Everything that we shot that isn't in the movie was done to fool everybody to think that me and the other members of X-Force were going to be in the movie the whole time.

Guerrasio: That's amazing.

Crews: And I felt horrible. The fans were excited. But, to me, the purpose was to give the audience something they would never expect. And it was crazy to keep all that a secret. When we were shooting in Vancouver I had to walk around with blankets over me because there were spies. I just got a few pages, sometimes even just a few lines of the script. Our goal was not to let anyone find out what we were going to do. Because the fanboy culture wants to find out everything before it happens.

Guerrasio: So you're at the world premiere of the movie, you are one of the few people in that room that knows it's coming. What was the reaction when the X-Force start dropping one by one?

Crews: When I was first on-screen the audience went crazy, and I just felt so bad because it's basically a giant practical joke. [Laughs.] So I'm just bracing for it and then we jump out of the plane and our parachutes start going wild, gradually you notice the audience can tell something is wrong. As we died one by one I could feel in the audience people realizing that this isn't the start of X-Force that they thought they were getting. There was just this audible gasp. When they show Deadpool walking by me and people were trying to revive me by the bus, people around me in the theater were just like, "What the?" It was so good.

Guerrasio: Did you guys shoot different deaths, or was that always Bedlam's fate?

Crews: That was it. He was always going to get hit by a bus.

Guerrasio: How about the reveal of who Vanisher was? Did you know it was Brad Pitt before seeing the movie?

Crews: That was a total surprise for me.

Guerrasio: So you guys on set doing the scenes didn't know?

Crews: Nope. I did not know. I had no idea.

Guerrasio: How did they shoot the Vanisher character? Was it just a guy in a head-to-toe green suit wearing a parachute sitting with you guys in the plane scene?

Crews: Not even that. In the scene where we are all sitting around they just had two indented pillows to make it look like Vanisher was sitting there. And then in the plane scene there was a harness rigged to look like a body was wearing the parachute. There wasn't anyone in a green suit. We were just acting like there was a person there the whole time.

This is what everyone has to appreciate, the level of which this whole thing was done is on another level. There were layers upon layers. This is "The Matrix"-meets-"Inception"-type level. And this is why it's so satisfying. At this point in the superhero genre everyone has seen everything. Nothing rivals what we've done here.

Guerrasio: So the future of Bedlam, are you just waiting for a phone call?

Crews: I'm waiting. There's nothing that will prevent me from being in stuff, but there's nothing that says I'm locked up for seven pictures. This is Marvel. I'm open to anything and everything. And it's funny, some folks are like this is my only shot at a franchise. But hey, Josh Brolin is now two different characters in the Marvel universe — Cable and Thanos. Michael B. Jordan did "Fantastic Four" and "Black Panther." There's no limits here, that I can see. To be honest, I love that Bedlam is a character a lot of people don't know about because hopefully we can grow it into something. I'm ready for anything. And with what is shown at the end of the movie, the way they are fooling with time—

Guerrasio: Ah, I was waiting for you to give me this tease.

Crews: [Laughs.] There's always ways to bring me back.

Guerrasio: It's really a testament to you guys keeping this under wraps. As you know, this is an industry of big egos, one of you guys could have been so upset that you all are only in a few minutes of the movie following all that marketing hype they could just leaked everything.

Crews: Oh, easy. It all could have fallen apart at any time. The other day me and Ryan hugged each other and he was just like, "Thank you." It feels good.

SEE ALSO: "Deadpool 2" director opens up about the pressures of jumping into a hit franchise and what working with Ryan Reynolds was like

Join the conversation about this story »

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• Some languages are harder to learn than others.
• For English speakers, it is especially difficult to learn languages like Japanese, Arabic, and Hungarian.
• That's because they contain very different grammar systems, sounds, and features than English.

Learning a new language can be a rewarding experience, but as with any new skill it takes a lot of practice and hard work.

Naturally, some languages will take longer than others to learn. The Foreign Service Institute of the US Department of State classifies the world's most popular languages into five categories based on how long it takes for a typical English speaker to achieve proficiency.

We compiled a list of nine of the toughest major languages to learn, according to the Foreign Service Institute standards. If you're going to tackle one of these, be prepared to invest at least 1,000 study hours and, in some cases, as many as 2,200 to become proficient.

These are nine of the hardest languages in the world to learn for English speakers:

SEE ALSO: Words and phrases people think are wrong, but are actually correct

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Japanese

Native speakers: 128 million

Where it's spoken: Japan

Why it's hard: Japanese is difficult for English speakers because, among other reasons, it has more than one set of written characters, and readers need to memorize thousands of characters to achieve fluency.

Japanese is also a highly contextual language that requires different forms depending on the formality of the social situation. Even a pronoun like "you" could have more than 10 different translations depending on the person you're talking to.

Arabic

Native speakers: 315 million

Where it's spoken: Throughout the Middle East and northern and northeast Africa

Why it's hard: Reading Arabic can be immensely difficult for English speakers: It's written in a different alphabet, usually omits vowels, and has very few words in common with English.

Mandarin

Native speakers: 909 million

Where it's spoken: Northern and southwestern China

Why it's hard: Mandarin is a tonal language, meaning the intonation you put on a word can change its meaning. For example, the syllable "ba" could mean either "eight," "pull out," "hold," or "dad" depending on which tone you use.

Mandarin also has a complex writing system with thousands of characters. For the world's most spoken language, there's a high barrier to entry to achieve competency.

• Chinese tech giant Alibaba is expanding aggressively into physical retail through investments in a variety of product categories to push its "New Retail" strategy of combining online and offline shopping.
• Its most critical "New Retail" venture has been the futuristic supermarket Hema Xiansheng, which launched in 2015 and offers free deliveries in 30 minutes and facial recognition payment.
• Deeply integrated with Alibaba's technology and services, Hema provides a window into where Amazon may try to take Whole Foods in the future.
• We recently visited Hema in Shanghai, China and found the store to be a pleasant, streamlined shopping experience. While the tech was cool, it was the store's uber-fresh seafood and picture-perfect products that left the biggest impression.

With a valuation over $500 billion, Chinese tech giant Alibaba is second only to Amazon in e-commerce. But it's going after the offline world to keep growing.

Long before Amazon purchased Whole Foods for $13.7 billion, Alibaba was forging into physical retail with investments in supermarket SunArt, department store operator InTime, electronics seller Suning, and furniture store EasyHome, among others. All in all, Alibaba has spent $10 billion on traditional retailers since 2016.

The investments have aimed to help the company develop its "New Retail" concept, a term coined by Alibaba founder Jack Ma to mean the fusion of physical retail and e-commerce.

At its core, it's about making it insanely convenient to buy what you need or want in whatever way is the most convenient to you — whether at the store, online, delivered to your home, picked up at a nearby store location. By integrating online and offline, Alibaba thinks it can radically change customers' shopping experiences for the better while boosting business for its partners.

“That means that the whole inventory and supply chain is one solution for whatever your needs are. No matter whether [your purchases] are generated online or offline, it will be fulfilled in whatever is the most efficient route to you,” Jet Jing, President of Tmall, Alibaba’s brand-focused e-commerce platform, told Business Insider recently.

Nowhere is the "New Retail" idea more on display than in Hema Xiansheng, Alibaba's futuristic supermarket. Launched in 2015, Hema has expanded to 46 stores in 13 cities in China, with plans to open up to 2,000 more branches in the next five years.

The fresh food-focused supermarket offers customers the ability to shop in-store or on its app, see the origins of the products in the store, have food delivered for free or prepared for pickup within 30 minutes, and pay with facial recognition technology.

We recently visited a Hema branch in Shanghai to see what the company's vision of the future of grocery shopping. One can't help but think that Alibaba's deep integration with Hema signals how Amazon will integrate Whole Foods in the future.

Take a look inside:

SEE ALSO: Photos reveal what it’s like to shop at Walmart in China — which is shockingly different from the US and struggling to compete

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There are over 40 Hema Xiansheng locations in China. Most are located in high-end shopping malls or mixed-used developments close to where Chinese people both work and live. Core to Hema's model is that it offers free 30-minute grocery deliveries to a 3-kilometer radius.

The joke used to be that Chinese people like to live near good public schools, Liyan Chen, manager of international corporate affairs at Alibaba, told Business Insider. "The joke now in China is that they want to live where the Hemas are. Because then they can get everything delivered to them really easily."

In order to shop at Hema, you have to download the app, which logs all of your purchases, saves your preferences and delivery address, and allows you to pay with Alipay, Alibaba's mobile payments provider. After shopping at Hema, you'll have a personalized product page based on your preferences and purchases.

• In marriage counseling, many people try to explain how their partner is the source of all their issues, and how their partner needs to change.
• But couples therapist Peter Pearson says he tries to disillusion clients, and help them realize that they might also need to change.
• It's much easier to focus on what your partner is doing wrong than to focus on how you contribute to their problematic behavior.

After decades as a couples therapist, Peter Pearson says there are a few sentences he's never heard:

I'm here because frankly, I don't pay enough attention to my wife. I'm a slob around the house. I pay too much attention to electronic devices. I am here to prevent that from becoming a bigger problem and hurting our marriage.

The response he's heard too many times when he asks someone why they've come to see him?

She nags. Nothing I can do can make her happy. Whatever I do is never good enough.

That is to say, no one comes to couples therapy asserting that they need to change in order to improve their relationship. But just about everyone comes to couples therapy hoping to get their partner to change.

Pearson and his wife, couples therapist Ellyn Bader, are the cofounders of the Couples Institute in Menlo Park, California. He said many people arrive at his office ready to rattle off all the ways their partner has wronged them, thereby eliciting the therapist's sympathy.

"If they can be clear enough about how their partner is the problem, they expect and hope I will reform the partner."

Needless to say, it's not Pearson's job to decide which of the partners is at greater fault for destroying the marriage.

"Their perception and belief is that, ‘My partner causes my problems,'" Pearson said. "I disturb that way of thinking and say, 'No, what's going to make you create a stronger marriage is by changing how you respond to what your partner does that's so problematic."

Many people are also afraid that their partner wants them to change — and won't accept them for who they are

Pearson's observations recall those of couples therapist Esther Perel. When she visited the Business Insider office last year, Perel said that taking responsibility for your own behavior is key to improving a struggling relationship.

Perel said: "It's so easy to focus on what's missing in the other person. It's so easy to go critical. It's so easy to think that if you were different, my life would be better, rather than sometimes to switch it around and think if I was different, my life would be better. And maybe if I was different with you, you would be different with me."

Hal Runkel, a marriage and family therapist, had an interesting twist on the idea that people want their partner to change.

Runkel previously told Business Insider that the real motivation for seeking couples therapy is that "people are scared that in order to be fully married to this person, they're going to have to become a different person themselves." Either they're afraid that they'll be rejected by their partner for being themselves — or they already have been rejected.

"What we're all searching for is this sense of validation," or someone who knows us and still accepts us, Runkel said.

Pearson thinks at least part of the solution lies in vulnerability. While each person wants to end their partner's problematic behavior, each person is also fearful of "letting go of their self-protective armory" that might be causing said behavior.

He shared a hypothetical example of a couple in which one person wants their partner to be more transparent and the other person wants their partner to stop nagging them about opening up. But if the closed-off partner did open up a little, their partner would presumably feel more satisfied.

"It's not just a matter of telling couples what to do or how to do it," Pearson said. "That's the intellectual part. Emotionally, we're terrified of giving up our self-protection."

Have you been to couples therapy? If you're open to talking about your experience, please email Shana Lebowitz at slebowitz@businessinsider.com.

SEE ALSO: Couples think they go to counseling because of money, sex, and parenting — but therapists know the real problem is usually lurking underneath

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Warning: MAJOR spoilers if you haven’t seen “Deadpool 2.”

After successfully bringing the complex Marvel character Deadpool to the big screen in 2016, screenwriters Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick quickly became one of the top screenwriting teams currently working in Hollywood. And their stock in town is only going to rise after the box-office success of "Deadpool 2" over the weekend.

Thanks to the rule-breaking mentality Reese, Wernick, and franchise star Ryan Reynolds (who received a writing credit in the sequel) have always had about the character, “Deadpool 2” is more outlandish than the first. And because of all the Easter eggs, funny lines, and cameos buried throughout the movie, it needs to be seen more than once (to the glee of the studio behind the franchise, 20th Century Fox).

Reese and Wernick gave Business Insider insight on many of the big spoilers and Easter eggs scattered in the movie:

SEE ALSO: "Deadpool 2" director opens up about the pressures of jumping into a hit franchise and what working with Ryan Reynolds was like

Why this huge star decided to do the voice of Juggernaut.

The massive Juggernaut made a glorious return to the Marvel franchise (he was previously seen in 2006’s “X-Men: The Last Stand”) in “Deadpool 2.” There was no actor playing him on screen this time (he was CGI), but the voice was done by quite a big star.

Though in the credits Juggernaut is credited as only “Himself,” Reese and Wernick revealed that it was Ryan Reynolds who did the voice — thanks to some voice manipulation by the audio team.

Reese and Wernick said during post production, Reynolds was the one coming up with lines for the character.

“We just looked at him and were like, ‘You should just do the voice,’” Wernick said.

But what really sold Reynolds was when the sound department began modulating his voice to sound like the character. Reynolds fell in love with it. And then there was the ease with which Reynolds could do it.

“Ryan essentially recorded the lines into his iPhone, emailed it to the editor, and it gets plugged into the cut of the movie; it’s that quick,” Reese said, as opposed to Reynolds having to spend a day in an audio booth recording lines.

Reynolds also used the same method when new lines or jokes were added in post production for Deadpool.

How the movie nabbed all those great cameos.

From Brad Pitt as Vanisher, to Matt Damon as a redneck with a lot to say about toilet paper, “Deadpool 2” has some major cameos. And the screenwriters have a simple answer for why: once you’re making a successful franchise, everyone says "yes."

“We got a fair amount of people saying 'no' last movie,” Wernick said. “This one, it was 'yes' across the board. It was a real treat for us.”

And for the audience, too (if you caught them).

Pitt shows up in the blink of an eye when mutant Vanisher accidentally glides into power lines due to the rough winds, as X-Force does its skydive to rescue the young mutant Russell. “Deadpool 2” director David Leitch told Business Insider that getting Pitt was a combination of Pitt’s kids loving the first movie, an ask by Reynolds, and Pitt knowing Leitch from the days when he was the actor’s stunt double.

Damon is even harder to catch in the movie. He’s completely unrecognizable as one of the men Cable encounters when he shows up in the present day from the future. Damon is the redneck in back of the pickup truck talking to his friend about toilet paper. Reese and Wernick said it was a chance encounter with Reynolds that led to Damon getting in the movie.

“I think they were at some event together and Matt was telling Ryan how much he loves ‘Deadpool,’” Wernick said. “We were in the process of writing the script and around that time Rhett had written this fantastic diatribe about toilet paper. Ryan told Matt about it, Matt said to send him the pages and he just fell in love with it and told Ryan he would do it.”

And the yeses kept coming. Reese and Wernick said Hugh Jackman approved the footage used in the post credit sequence from “X-Men Origins: Wolverine,” and the footage of “Yentl” is in the movie thanks to Barbra Streisand — with an assist from her son-in-law Josh Brolin, who plays Cable in the movie (Brolin’s father, James Brolin, is married to Streisand).

“We actually wrote all the Streisand and ‘Yentl’ stuff before we cast Josh,” Wernick said. “So once Josh came aboard it became a lot easier. We said to him, ‘Hey, do you mind picking up the phone?’”

This Christopher Plummer joke is so buried even one of the screenwriters missed it.

When Deadpool decides to try and be part of the X-Men, his first assignment (as a trainee) is to stop Russell from wreaking havoc outside the orphanage he’s staying at. In the scene, a news crew shows up to cover the chaos and there’s a shot of news footage with a crawl at the bottom of the screen. If you look at the right moment, you’ll see the text in the crawl read: “Christopher Plummer turns down role in ‘Deadpool 2.’”

It’s a recognition of the #MeToo movement that was in full throttle toward the end of the movie’s post production. The Plummer joke also seems to reference one of the movie's stars, T.J. Miller, who has been accused of sexual misconduct (Reynolds said Miller will not be in the upcoming “X-Force” movie).

But Reese and Wernick are not taking ownership of the joke. In fact, Wernick didn’t even know about the Plummer line until Business Insider told him.

“I thought that was hilarious,” Reese said. “I don’t know who put that in, probably David Leitch or one of the editors.”

Bill Gates is a big reader.

The Microsoft cofounder and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation co-chair has said he reads about 50 books a year, and he often writes up notes about his favorites on his Gates Notes blog.

Gates has just published his list of summer reading recommendations for 2018, a list that spans genres, from literary fiction to memoir to history and biography.

Gates writes that his selections tend to "wrestle with big questions," like "What makes a genius tick? Why do bad things happen to good people? Where does humanity come from, and where are we going?"

Yet despite the weighty subject matter, Gates says they are all fun, fast and engrossing reads.

Here are the books Gates recommends checking out this summer:

SEE ALSO: Here are the 5 summer reads Bill Gates recommended last year

"Everything Happens for a Reason and Other Lies I’ve Loved" by Kate Bowler

"Not everything happens for a reason," Gates writes about Kate Bowler's book that documents her search for answers and questions her spiritual beliefs after she was diagnosed with cancer.

"I wasn’t surprised to find that Bowler’s book is heartbreaking at times. But I didn’t expect it to be funny too. Sometimes it’s both in the same passage," Gates lauds.

The book touched Gates in a personal way too.

His grandparents were devout and believed that bad things were the result of a sin. When his grandfather got sick, failing to find a reason in his own conduct, he blamed his wife, Gates wrote.

There's value in understanding that not every why question can be answered with a straightforward response.

"Leonardo da Vinci" by Walter Isaacson

In this book, the longest of Gates' suggestions, acclaimed biographer Walter Isaacson takes on Leonardo da Vinci, who Gates describes as "one of the most fascinating people ever."

More than a painter, Leonardo was an inventor, engineer, medical researcher and more.

"When you look across all of Leonardo's many abilities and his few failings, the attribute that stands out above all else was his sense of wonder and curiosity," Gates writes.

"When he wanted to understand something — whether it was the flow of blood through the heart or the shape of a woodpecker's tongue — he would observe it closely, scribble down his thoughts, and then try to figure it all out," he wrote.

According to Gates, Isaacson does a great job pulling all the different aspects of Leonardo's life together, no easy task.

"More than any other Leonardo book I've read, this one helps you see him as a complete human being and understand just how special he was. He came close to understanding almost all of what was known on the planet at the time."

"Origin Story: A Big History of Everything" by David Christian

Historian David Christian is the creator of Big History, a free online course that traces what we know about the past 13.7 billion years of existence, going from the Big Bang and the origin of life to the complex societies we live in today.

The project is something Gates describes as his "favorite course of all time," so it's no surprise that he loves this book, which relates much of that history.

The book "will leave you with a greater appreciation of humanity's place in the universe," Gates glows.

"It shows how everything is connected to everything else, weaving together insights and evidence from across disciplines into a single, understandable narrative," he writes.

If you haven't taken the course, Gates says this book is an excellent way to understand its concepts. And if you have taken it, Gates calls the book a great refresher and an update, with some new material.

• There is a rumor that Arby's got its name from the initials of roast beef.
• The rumor is false.
• Arby's is actually named after its founders, the Raffel brothers — the real RBs.

Arby's has long been subject to rumors about its name.

One of the most popular is that the chain is named after its signature roast-beef sandwich. "Roast beef" becomes "RB" becomes "Arby's."

"The chain 'Arby's' is named after the R and B denoting "roast beef..." one person tweeted recently, in response to the prompt, "Name something obvious to most people that you didn't figure out until recently."

Logically, the RB theory makes sense. Roast beef is Arby's best-known sandwich, and it continues to be a top seller for the chain.

But while the Arby's name is based on initials, it isn't an abbreviation for roast beef — despite how commonly accepted the theory has become.

Arby's responded to the tweet: "Most people think that, but our name is actually based on the initials of our founders, the Raffel Brothers."

The chain has long been attempting to set the record straight on the story behind its name.

"It comes from our founders, Leroy and Forrest Raffel, the Raffel Brothers, or 'RB,'" the chain says on its website.

Leroy and Forrest Raffel founded Arby's in Boardman, Ohio. The chain debuted its now-iconic roast-beef sandwich — made with the recipe used today — in 1971.

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• Kimberley Ho is a former Wall Street investor who launched her own direct-to-consumer family skincare company, Evereden.
• Ho turned down $2 million in funding from venture capitalists.
• Ho also said that she's currently the lowest paid employee at her company. 

Kimberley Ho is building a skincare company that she hopes will someday be just as ubiquitous as Johnson & Johnson. To do so, she's thinking longterm. Ask the CEO what her primary goal for her organic, family-focused skincare line is, and she'll answer without skipping a beat, "To be here in 100 years."

Ho's company, Evereden, is a skincare line that's almost entirely self-funded by Ho and her husband, who both worked in Wall Street's investing scene. Ho says that their knowledge of investing led them to turn down $2 million in unsolicited offers from venture capitalists. 

"There's no such thing as a free lunch," said Ho. "With VC funding, strings always comes attached."

In turning down the cash, Ho said that she hopes to lead her company on her own terms. Crafting a skincare line that's safe for babies isn't easy, and Ho has enlisted the help of pediatricians and scientists from Stanford and Harvard to create a product that uses ingredients she says are typically found in women's luxury skin products. 

Ho said that most of the money she's put into her company has been spent on research. 

"When we talk about re-building children's skincare, we're talking about reformulating everything from the ground up," said Ho.

While Ho said that the unsolicited offers from investors were flattering, she believes she and her husband made the right choice in turning them down.

"It's nice to have investors believe in your vision and your mission," said Ho. "But as a consumer startup, VC money comes with expectations of astronomical growth. In the end, we didn't think it would be sustainable to take on a load of VC money and grow quickly without sacrificing our customer's experience."

While Ho has turned down investors' cash for now, in the future, she says she's open to considering taking in more capital if the time is right. 

"As we look towards international expansion down the line, we're open to changing this funding strategy," said Ho. "But we'd need to find the right investment partners who buy into our long-term vision."

For now, bootstrapping means cutting costs wherever possible, which includes turning down a salary for herself.

"I am the lowest paid employee at my company," said Ho. "I pay my interns more than I pay myself. For me, it's not about money — it’s about the vision. In my mind if I pay myself like, $50,000, that’s money that I'm not putting into the company."

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One day in 2003, when I was in 6th grade, my mom put a letter in my lunchbox with some advice on it. "Don't be quick to judge the girls at school — it's up to you to look for something good in each one." 

My mom, Stephanie Skylar, was the Executive VP and Director of Marketing for Chief Super Market Inc., a local grocery chain in Lima, Ohio. She worked long and difficult hours and was looking for a way to stay connected to me. As an 11-year-old learning how to navigate the scary waters of female friendships, this written encouragement instantly helped give me confidence. 

After that first letter, we agreed upon the rules of our project. My mom would write a letter each night (sometimes pre-writing a few if she was going to be out-of-town) and I would keep the notes safely inside a Skechers' shoebox. Throughout the year, I collected over 100 'lunchbox letters,' filled with my mom's wisdom that would guide me through my adolescence and into my adulthood.

More than a decade later, when I was completing my masters project at Ohio University, I created a website showcasing all of the letters in chronological order and paired it with my commentary. These are some of my favorites: 

SEE ALSO: A piece of advice from her father helped the CEO of Vimeo land the job at 34

Here's a picture of my mom and me in 2003 on the left, and again in 2016 on the right.

This is the shoebox I kept the letters in. We decorated it with a "seal of approval" and our signatures, proving our dedication to the project.

"Don't be quick to judge the girls at school — it's up to you to look for something good in each one."