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The Historical Origins Of 6 Swear Words

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Angry comic man on phone swearing

Sometimes, everyday speech just can't convey your meaning. You need words with a little more oomph — expletives.

In fact, Americans swear so often, the U.S. made airing indecent or profane language during certain times a federal crime. Cue the FCC.

For the sake of knowledge though, we looked into the etymology of a few of these words (some of which violate our style guide!). Learn where they originated below.

The "F" Bomb

The oldest theories trace the expletive-to-end-all-expletives back to Norwegian fukka and Swedish focka, both meaning "to copulate."

Unfortunately, we don't have much evidence of use in English, partly because the original Oxford English Dictionary's creators reportedly considered it taboo. The OED's second edition, however, cites "fukkit" in 1503, but the earliest current spelling appears as "Bischops ... may f*** thair fill and be vnmaryit" from poet Sir David Lyndesay in 1535.

Another 16th century poem, titled "Flen flyys," written in a combination of Latin and Middle English, also hints at the word. The relevant line reads, "Non sunt in celi quia fuccant uuiuys of heli." Translation: They [the monks] are not in heaven because they f*** the wives of [the town of] Ely.

The ideas that f*** is an acronym meaning "for unlawful carnal knowledge" or "fornication under consent of the king" are both false. The phrases do turn up in some court documents but not until the late 19th century, way too late for a true etymology.

The "S" Word

Here, we actually have two words and two separate origins to consider: the noun and the verb.

The noun nods to Old English scitte, meaning "purging, diarrhea." And just the basic form of excrement stems from Old English scytel. The action, however, has a much more widespread history — Dutchschijtenand Germanscheissen. The Proto-Indo-European base skie conveys the idea of separation, in this case, from the body.

From there, we've perfected sh**-faced, sh**head, sh**ing bricks, not giving a sh**, when the sh** hits the fan, etc.

Just to set the record straight, "sh**" isn't an acronym. There's a story floating around the Internet that when crates of manure on freight ships got wet, they started to ferment, releasing methane. The gas then built up below deck. If someone descended with a lit lantern — BOOM.

As a precaution against potential explosions, transporters apparently started placing the letters S-H-I-T — "ship high in transit" — on top of the crates. Storing them above deck decreased their chances of dampness, and if they did get wet, the methane wouldn't stay trapped below deck.

As clever as the story sounds, the word "sh**" has a much older and richer history than an anecdote from European sea-trade. Not to mention sailors usually kept cargo below deck to keep it dry.

Piss

Again, English includes two forms of this word, a noun and verb. The verb appeared in the 1300s from French pissier, "to urinate," and vulgar Latin, "pissiare." The noun came later, in the 1400s, and eventually morphed into an intesifying adjective — piss-poor, piss-ugly, etc. — around World War II.

Goddamn

Obviously a compound word of "God" and "damn." "Damn" comes from Latin damnare which means "to condemn." And God originated with Norse goth. But when and how did we put the two together as a blasphemy?

Let's thank the French for that. They started referring to the English as "les goddems" during the Hundred Years War because of their frequent profanity, according to Geoffrey Hughes' book, "A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths, and Profanity in English."

Hell

Our word for the worst possible place (religious or not) comes from Proto-Germanic haljo, "the underworld." Some relationship also exists between "cell" and "hell" through the Proto-Indo-European word for "to cover" or "conceal" — kel.

Interestingly enough, the Biblical use of hell may stem from Old Norse Hel, the name of Loki's daughter in Norse mythology. She rules over the evil dead much like Hades does in Greek tales.

Bitch

Almost everyone knows a bitch is a female dog, probably from Old Norse bikkjuna. Its use as a term of contempt to women, though, began in the 1400s.

Thewordisfirst seen used this way intheChesterPlaysofthe1400s."Whocallestthouqueine,skabdebitch?"Basically, "Whoareyoucallingawhore,youmiserablebitch?”

"The Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue," published in 1811, calls bitch "the most offensive appellation that can be given to an English woman, even more provoking than that of whore."

The verb, meaning "to complain," evolved as late at the 1930s.

SEE ALSO: These Fascinating Maps Show The Origins Of Words We Use All The Time

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MAP: Here Are The 20 'Super-Zips' Where America's Ultra-Elite Reside

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The Washington Post has a fascinating visualization of inequality in America. Their map uses U.S. Census data to rank different Zip codes based on how elite their populations are. Percentile rankings for both income and educational attainment were calculated and averaged together, giving a score between 0 and 99. Zip codes with scores of 95 or higher were designated "Super Zips," the homes of the most affluent and elite Americans.

We decided to break out the 20 most elite of the Super Zips. The map below shows Super Zips in yellow, with the top 20 most elite Zip codes in red:

super zips map 2

Here are the top 20 Super Zips in America:

07078: Short Hills, N.J.

60043: Kenilworth, Ill.

02468: Waban, Mass.

10282: New York, N.Y.

20816: Bethesda, Md.

02457: Babson Park, Mass.

06870: Old Greenwich, Conn.

10069: New York, N.Y.

10162: New York, N.Y.

10514: Chappaqua, N.Y.

10597: Waccabuc, N.Y.

60022: Glencoe, Ill.

94027: Atherton, Calif.

02481: Wellesley Hills, Mass.

06883: Weston, Conn.

07046: Mountain Lakes, N.J.

10518: Cross River, N.Y.

20854: Potomac, Md.

21737: Glenelg, Md.

94028: Portola Valley, Calif.

Check out the Washington Post's full dive into Super-Zips here »

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The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show Airs Tuesday Night — Here Are 5 Things To Look Out For

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victoria's secret 2013

The Victoria's Secret Fashion show airs Tuesday, December 10th.  

The spectacle features dozens of the world's most beautiful models, including Karlie Kloss, Lily Aldridge, and Adriana Lima. 

Here are five things you'll see during the show, which airs at 10 p.m. on CBS. 

  • The $10 million Fantasy Bra. Candice Swanepoel will model the bra, which features a stunning ruby. 

  • Taylor Swift's performance. The country favorite performed two songs at the taping of the show last month. 

  • Karlie Kloss' crazy psychedelic wings. 

  • The Rutgers marching band, which opened the British-themed segment of the show. 

  • Up-and-coming models like Cara Delevingne. The fashion favorite was prominently featured in this year's show. 

You'll have to wait to see the show... Unless you check out our 51 photos from the taping.

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25 Awesome Gifts Under $25 For Your Office Secret Santa Pool

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office secret santa presents on a table

The annual office Secret Santa game can be a major source of holiday stress.

And there's good reason: You need to stay in the price limit, find something a coworker (and possible stranger) will actually like, and hope you don't have to pretend to like whatever you receive.

Even worse, maybe this year you drew your boss' name.

Well, fear not. These 25 Secret Santa-appropriate office gifts are not only all under $25, but there's something for every type of coworker — from the kid-at-heart to the CrossFit fanatic.

For the work friend who's also a music lover, pick up this three-way earphone splitter. It's great for watching movies with a buddy on a long flight, or sharing a favorite album.

Buy it here for $10



If your coworker can't get enough tea, get her this playful ManaTea Infuser (get it?). Put your loose leaf tea inside and take out the infuser when the tea has been steeped.

Buy it here for $10



With the weather getting colder, any coworker will appreciate these touchscreen gloves. They're warm, convenient, and come in five different colors.

Buy them here for $14



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Inside All Of This Weekend's Star-Studded Art Basel Parties In Miami [PHOTOS]

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Nicky Hilton Paris Hilton Russell Simmons

Art Basel Miami is an international contemporary art fair held each year in Miami Beach.

But since it began in 2002 as an offshoot of the annual art fair in Basel, Switzerland, Art Basel Miami Beach has become as much about the parties as the art.

This year's fair brought out the likes of Kim Kardashian, Kanye West, Paris Hilton, Lenny Kravitz, Steven Tyler, Elle Macpherson, and many more.

While some actually looked at art, most were just there to party — and we have the pictures to prove it.

Zoe Kravitz let her dad, Lenny Kravitz, and Steven Tyler into the DJ booth at the Dom Perignon party hosted by Alex Dellal, Stavros Niarchos, and Vito Schnabel at Wall club in the W Hotel.



Actor Stephen Dorff made an appearance with Derek Blasberg.



Before the club, Alex Rodriguez joined an intimate dinner hosted by Aby Rosen and Samantha Rosen at The Dutch in the W Hotel in South Beach.



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The Top 25 Locations To Check In On Facebook

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iceland blue lagoonSporting arenas, theme parks and tourist attractions have dominated an annual list of destinations where Facebook users have checked in most frequently

The social networking site unveiled the 25 most popular locations of 2013 as part of its end of year review.

Disneyland, in Anaheim, California, was number one in the US, while Disneyland Paris and Toyko Disneyland were the top sites in France and Japan.

The Blue Lagoon, a geothermal spa in Iceland, made the top 25, as did St Mark’s Square in Venice, Marina Bay Sands in Singapore, Las Ramblas in Barcelona, Sharm el-Sheikh, and the Golden Temple in Amritsar, India.

Several sporting venues also featured - the Friends Area near Stockholm, Sweden, where the country’s national football team perform; Melbourne Cricket Ground in Australia, which also hosts Australian Rules Football; and the Rogers Arena, an indoor venue in Vancouver.

The O2 arena, which has hosted acts including Fleetwood Mack, Beyonce, Jay-Z, Plan B and Justin Bieber this year, was the most popular British destination.

Taksim Square in Istanbul, the site of massive protests earlier this year, was the site most frequently checked in at in Turkey.

The most talked about events of 2013 were also revealed by Facebook. They included the election of Pope Francis, the birth of the royal baby, Typhoon Hainan, the Boston Marathon bombing, the Tour de France, and the death of Nelson Mandela.

The list in full

Argentina: Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires
Australia: Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), Melbourne, Victoria
Brazil: Parque Ibirapuera, São Paulo
Canada: Rogers Arena, Vancouver, British Columbia
Egypt: Sharm el-Sheikh, South Sinai Governorate, Egypt
France: Disneyland Paris, Marne La Vallée
Germany: Reeperbahn, Hamburg
Hong Kong: Hong Kong Disneyland
Iceland: Blue Lagoon, Reykjavík, Iceland
India: Harmandir Sahib (The Golden Temple), Amritsar
Italy: Piazza San Marco, Venice
Japan: Tokyo Disneyland, Tokyo
Mexico: Auditorio Nacional, Mexico City
Nigeria: Ikeja City Mall, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
Poland: Temat Rzeka, Warsaw
Russia: Gorky Park of Culture and Leisure
Singapore: Marina Bay Sands
South Africa: Victoria & Alfred Waterfront
South Korea: Myungdong Street, Seoul
Spain: Las Ramblas, Barcelona, Catalonia
Sweden: Friends Arena, Solna
Taiwan: Tainan Flower Night Market, Tainan City
Turkey: Taksim Square, Istanbul
United Kingdom: The 02, London
United States: Disneyland, Anaheim, California

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SPOILER ALERT: 51 Photos Of The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show Before It Airs Tonight

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victoria's secret 2013

The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show will air on CBS tonight at 10 p.m. 

But you don't have to wait to see what all the models wore. 

The show started with a British theme and ended in a flurry of snow. Taylor Swift and Fall Out Boy performed. 

Despite the huge production, the focus was on the gorgeous models who walked the runway.

Candice Swanepoel sizzled in red, while Karlie Kloss rocked her controversial haircut. 

Photography by Daniel Goodman

The show takes place at the Armory on Lexington Avenue in Manhattan.



It's known for its outrageous sets and special effects.



This year's edition began with a marching band dressed as British guards.



See the rest of the story at Business Insider
    






Wall Street Hot Shots Are Snapping Up Spots In This Gorgeous $1 Billion Miami Condo

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faena

Lloyd Blankfein and private equity tycoon Leon Black are among those said to have purchased a spot in a new $1 billion Miami luxury condominium development, Bloomberg Businessweek's Katya Kazakina reports. 

Faena Miami Beach is an 18-story ocean condominium featuring 47 residences ranging from $3 million to $50 million, the report said.

The development won't be complete until December 2014.

It looks like it's a hot spot. On Faena's website there are only seven units that are still listed. 

We've included some renderings in the slides that follow.  

Faena Miami is an 18-story oceanfront luxury condo building. It was the vision of Argentinean hotelier Alan Faena and designed by architects Foster+Partners.

Source: Faena Miami Beach



The floor to ceiling windows allow residents to enjoy panoramic views of the Atlantic Ocean and the bay.

Source: Faena Miami Beach


 




The luxury condominium tower is located on the widest stretch of beach in Miami.

Source: Faena Miami Beach



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An Amazing 1,300-Year Old Way Of Fishing Involving Birds Diving Underwater Is Going Extinct

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Cormorant fishing on China's Li River is all but dying out.

Fisherman set out with domesticated cormorants, a seabird, on bamboo rafts before sunrise and often in the early evening. These birds prey on fish. But the fishermen tie threads around the necks of the cormorants to prevent them from swallowing the fish they catch.

Once the threads are set, the fishermen begin chanting on their boats to prompt the birds to dive down and retrieve the fish. They control their birds with long poles

Unable to compete with modern fishing, cormorant fishing on the river Li is now largely practiced for tourists.

"Wild China", a documentary series produced by BBC and CCTV, has an exceptional segment on this 1,300-year old fishing technique, which is also practiced in Japan.

Here's a look at how cormorant fishing works:

Local fishermen and their cormorants set off on their boats in China's Yongjia County, Zhejiang Province.

cormorant fishing

 The fishermen spend years training the birds to return to the boat with their catch.

cormorant fishing

A fisherman ties a thread made of hemp around the cormorant's neck.

cormorant fishing

A cormorant races after a fish underwater.

cormorant

A cormorant is handled by a local fisherman as it retrieves a fish to the boat.

cormorant fishing

The fishermen reward the cormorants with smaller fish.

cormorant fishing

It is believed that cormorants can keep an approximate tally of the fish they catch and if they aren't rewarded for their efforts, they stop diving after fish for the fishermen.

cormorant fishing china

You can watch the segment on cormorant fishing from "Wild China" here:

SEE ALSO: CHINA: Our Smog Is A Major Defensive Advantage On The Battlefield

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8 Superfoods Eaten By The Super Successful

Pantene Produces An Overtly Feminist Ad — But It Won't Be Seen In The US

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Most women's haircare ads don't have much politics. But Pantene's current advertising in the Philippines elegantly addresses the double-standards women often face at work.

The ad features gorgeous, thin models with shining hair in go-getter jobs. And then it overlays the different ways women are viewed compared to their male counterparts: A confident executive is a "boss" as a man, but "bossy" when she's a woman; an emphatic speaker is "persuasive" as a man, but "pushy" as a woman. A version of the song "Mad World" plays in the background:

Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg, who is also the author of "Lean In," took notice. The Pantene video premiered in early November, but it went internationally viral after Sandberg posted this on her Facebook a few days ago:

BBDO Guerrero worked with Pantene Philipines on the #WhipIt campaign led by the ad. They teamed with the website Rappler for weekly essays reflecting on gender bias and the roles of women, and held a forum late last month.

Using a hashtag in the title seems to have worked, because it's been trending on Twitter for the past few days, and the comments are largely positive:

SEE ALSO: This New Autocomplete Ad Shows What SHOULD Come Up When You Do A Google Search For 'Women'

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Famed Chef Jean-Georges Is Opening A '100% Raw, Vegan' Restaurant In New York City

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ABC Cocina guacamole new york city restaurant

Vegetarians, rejoice! Jean-Georges Vongerichten — the head chef of the eponymous and four-star Jean-Georges restaurant in Manhattan — is coming out with a new vegan restaurant in 2014.

The top NYC chef told the New Potato, "We’re opening a vegetarian restaurant in the spring — 100% vegetarian, raw, and vegan."

This would be the 12th restaurant in New York for the talented CEO and restaurateur, as well as his 37th around the globe.

This year, Vongerichten opened the critically-acclaimed Spanish restaurant ABC Cocina, which was already listed on Michelin's Bib Gourmands for 2014, and his well-known restaurants The Mark on the Upper East Side and Spice Market in the West Village continue to be extremely popular.

As for which NYC neighborhood will be getting the latest Vongerichten eatery, the chef didn't say. Perhaps this time he'll even cross the bridge into an outer borough and satisfy Brooklyn's fine diners.

SEE ALSO: The Best Restaurants In 20 Big Cities Around The US

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Here Are The Only Six 4-Star Restaurants In New York City

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sushi nakazawa

In July, New York Times restaurant critic Pete Wells surprised foodies everywhere when he knocked iconic Upper East Side restaurant Daniel down from four stars to three after finding that servers treated famous guests differently from unknown ones (he still raved about the food).

The move left the city  one of the fine dining meccas of the world  with just five restaurants with four-star reviews from The New York Times.

Today, however, the acclaimed critic handed 10 stars to Sushi Nakazawa, a small sushi bar in the West Village opened by an acolyte of famed Japanese sushi chef Jiro Ono (the subject of the documentary "Jiro Dreams of Sushi.")

"[Nakazawa] picked up a palmful of rice and began to serve one of the four most enjoyable and eye-opening sushi meals I have ever eaten," Wells wrote. "I had the other three at Sushi Nakazawa over the next few weeks."

New York City once again has six four-star restaurants.

They are:

  • Del Posto: Mario Batali, Joe Bastianich, and Lidia Bastianich's upscale Italian restaurant near the High Line got four stars from Sam Sifton in October 2010. He declared: "Del Posto’s is a pleasure that lasts." The five-course dinner menu is $115 per person.

  • Eleven Madison Park: Critic Frank Bruni granted four stars to Eleven Madison Park in August 2009. Restaurateur Danny Meyer sold the restaurant to chef Daniel Humm in 2011, and The Times has yet to revisit. The dinner tasting menu is $195 per person.

  • Jean Georges: Bruni visited Jean-Georges Vongerichten's eponymous restaurant in 2006 and found it to be a notch above any of the other restaurants in Vongerichten's empire, writing, "while the food at Jean Georges may no longer be novel, it still thrills, and this restaurant still presents an experience unlike others around town." The three-course dinner tasting menu is $118 per person.

  • Le Bernardin: In May 2012, Wells assigned four stars to Eric Ripert's midtown east restaurant, writing, "no other restaurant in the city makes the simple cooking of fish (and the fish at Le Bernardin is cooked simply, when it is cooked at all) seem so ripe with opportunities for excitement." The four-course dinner tasting menu costs $130 per person.

  • Per Se: Wells gave a top rating to chef Thomas Keller's restaurant at the Time Warner Center in October 2011, calling it "the best restaurant in New York City." The prix fixe dinner menu costs $295 per person.

  • Sushi Nakazawa: Wells adored his meals at the 10-seat sushi restaurant in the West Village. His December 2013 review of the 21-course sushi dinner said, "The moment-to-moment joys of eating one mouthful of sushi after another can merge into a blur of fish bliss. But almost everything Mr. Nakazawa cups in his hands and places in front of you is an event on its own." The Omakase menu costs $150 per person at the sushi bar and $120 per person in the dining room. 

SEE ALSO: The 25 Most Expensive Tasting Menus On Earth

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The 5 Coolest Outfits From The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show

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Millions of people are expected to watch the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show tonight. 

Models like Candice Swanepoel, Adriana Lima, and Miranda Kerr walked in the show, while Taylor Swift performed.

The show, which airs on CBS at 10 p.m., is also known for the outrageous costumes models  wear.

We went to a taping of the fashion show last month, and selected the five best outfits. 

1. Lindsay Ellingson's 3D-printed wings. 

The company collaborated with 3D-printing company Shapeways, architect Bradley Rothenberg, and Swarovski to make the outfit.

victoria's secret 2013
 
2. Karlie Kloss' psychedelic Angel outfit. 

This outfit was one of the most memorable from the show. The brightly-colored wings really make it pop. 

victoria's secret 2013

3. Erin Heatherton's feathered cape. 

This cape was intricately woven with red feathers on the outside and pink feathers on the inside. Her shoes matched perfectly. 

victoria's secret 2013

4. Candice Swanepoel's Fantasy Bra. 

Swanepoel's bra cost a whopping $10 billion thanks to that giant ruby. It even had its own security guard. 

victoria's secret 2013

5. Taylor Swift's Union Jack get-up. 

Even though Taylor wasn't a model, we thought her outfit was incredibly eye-catching. 

taylor swift union jack british flag victoria's secret fashion show

You've seen the coolest outfits... Now check out our 51 photos from the event

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22 Mouthwatering Pictures Of Sushi At New York's Newest 4-Star Restaurant

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Daisuke Nakazawa, the protégé of Jiro Ono (the subject of the documentary "Jiro Dreams of Sushi"), has received a rare four-star review from New York Times restaurant critic Pete Wells.

Wells called Nakazawa's sushi "eye-opening," and the entire review was a glowing call for all New Yorkers to try the 10-seat restaurant.

But since reservations are going to be next-to-impossible to secure, at least you can look at some of the mouth-watering Instagram pictures from the lucky few who have tried Nakazawa's omakase meal ($150 at the sushi bar, $120 in the dining room).

Welcome to Sushi Nakazawa, the new four-star restaurant in New York City.

Let's take a look at the four-star sushi, shall we?

Sea urchins!

And here's that same sea urchin (uni) out of its spiky shell:

 

His signature tamago, or Japanese omelette.

One last glimpse of the assortment at Sushi Nakazawa:

And dessert — a yuzu sorbet with pomegranate.

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A New Crop Of Tech Billionaires Just Vowed To Give Most Of Their Money Away

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Groupon CEO Eric Lefkofsky

Seven more billionaires, including Groupon CEO Eric Lefkofsky, GoDaddy founder Bob Parsons and Russian super angel Yuri Milner, just vowed to give most of their money away.

They signed The Giving Pledge, the four-year-old brainchild of Bill Gates and Warren Buffett in which the world's wealthiest individuals promise to give away half or more of their money to charity before or after they die.

With the seven who signed on today, 128 wealthy families have made this commitment.

The truth is, many of these wealthy individuals have already set up charitable foundations before they sign the pledge. That's true of the tech billionaires that signed the pledge this week.

For instance, Eric Lefkofsky's wife, Liz, is the director of Lefkofsky Family Foundation. They support education, human rights, medical charities and the arts.

Bob Parsons and his wife Renee have the Parsons Foundation and they give money to charities around education, health care and quality of life, mostly in the Southwest.

Milner is known for investing in science. His foundation created something called The Fundamental Physics Prize where he awards up to $3 million to each scientist that wins it. In 2013, there were 9 winners and there are six nominees for 2014, with the final winners announced later this week. He also backed something called the Breakthrough Prize for the life sciences, along with Sergey Brin and Mark Zuckerberg (another billionaire who has signed the Pledge). That prize will give six winners $3 million apiece, too.

Still, it's not a bad thing for billionaires to publicly vow their devotion to philanthropy. Here's the letters from most of the seven billionaires who signed the pledge on Tuesday.

In addition to the Lefkofskys, Milner and the Parsons, the other billionaires who pledged today are Hedge Fund investor Seth Klarman and his wife Beth, hotelier Richard Edwin Marriott and wife Nancy, Indonesian businessman Dato’ Sri DR Tahir and medical device businessman Hansjörg Wyss.

SEE ALSO: These 15 Tech Billionaires Are Spending Millions To Save The World

SEE ALSO: How 15 Tech Tycoons Spend Their Fortunes

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A New Online Dating Algorithm Will Match You With Someone You Might Actually Have A Chance With

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big bang theory loveOnline dating grows ever more popular in our digital world.

Dating sites are far more effective if they are capable of matching up people who are actually likely to talk to each other. But the goal of finding good matches is a difficult one.

Recently, a research team led by Professor Kang Zhao at the University of Iowa has developed a better algorithm for dating sites to link up singles.

Matching heterosexual couples on a dating site is in many ways similar to matching users to movies on Netflix, or matching buyers to products on Amazon. We have two sets — men and women, users and movies, buyers and products — and we want to find a way to appropriately match up members of the first set to members of the second set.

Collaborative Filtering

There is, of course, a glaring difference between dating and the other matchings — the "targets" being chosen are human beings, and they can choose whether or not to reply. If I want to watch "House of Cards" on Netflix, Kevin Spacey cannot say no to me. If I message an attractive woman on a dating website, it is up to her whether or not to write a reply message.

Sites like Netflix and Amazon use a process called collaborative filtering to make movie or product recommendations. The algorithm first compares me to other users, seeing how much overlap there is between the movies I watched and rated highly, and the movies that the other users watched and rated highly. This gives me a similarity score with other users — someone who, like me, has recently watched a lot of Star Trek on Netflix will have a high similarity score to me, whereas someone who exclusively watches romantic comedies from the 90s will have a very low similarity score to me.

Next, to make recommendations to me, for each movie that I have not seen, the algorithm calculates a score based on how that movie was rated by people with high similarity scores to me. Netflix recommends movies that were highly rated by people who like similar movies to me.

Zhao's Innovation

In the online dating context, an algorithm can get a good idea of my taste in partners by doing a similar comparison of me to other male users. Another male user of the site will have a similar taste in women to me if we are messaging the same women.

However, while this gives the algorithm a good idea of who I like, it leaves out the important factor of who likes me — my attractiveness to the female users of the site, measured by who is sending me messages.

Zhao's crucial innovation is to combine information about both tastes and attractiveness. The algorithm keeps track of both who I am messaging, and who is messaging me. If a male user has similar taste (he is messaging the same women as I am) and attractiveness (he is messaged by the same women as I am) to me, we are scored as being very similar; if we are similar in one trait — if we have similar tastes but attract (or fail to attract) different groups of women, or vice versa — we have a moderate similarity ranking, and if we are different on both measures, we are counted as very dissimilar.

Similarly, when finding women to recommend to me, the algorithm factors in both sides of the messaging coin. Women who had a back-and-forth messaging relationship with men similar to me are ranked very highly, women who had a one-sided messaging relationship with men similar to me are ranked in the middle, and women who have had no contact on either side with similar men are left out.

Zhao and his peers tested their hybrid algorithm, incorporating both taste and attractiveness information, on an unnamed popular dating site, and found that it outperformed a number of other recommender models. The algorithm did a very solid job in recommending potential matches that, if messaged, would message users back.

While online dating, like all dating, is still a very uncertain path to finding love, innovations like Zhao's can help dating sites become ever better at matching people up with each other.

SEE ALSO: DATING FOR BAYESIANS: Here's How To Use Statistics To Improve Your Love Life

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This Is The 'Harvard Of Santa Schools,' Where The Absolute Best Santas Go To Train For The Holiday Season

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A new video from the Associated Press offers a unique look at "the Harvard of Santa Schools," where St. Nicks in training can go to hone their craft.

At the three day program hosted by the Charles W. Howard Santa Claus School— the oldest continuously running school of its kind — over 100 Santas from around the world gather to learn the finer points of makeup application, reindeer maintenance, and, of course, caroling.

Check out the AP's video below:

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12 Sayings Only People From California Will Understand

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I-405 freeway california los angeles traffic

California is known by many as the land of beautiful celebrities, packed freeways, and perpetual summer. 

But the nation's third-largest state also has a huge variety of people with very distinct ways of speaking, from valley girl speak to surfer lingo to slang inspired by Bay Area hip hop. 

The people of the Golden State speak a dialect distinct enough to warrant its own name: California English.  

Inspired by Business Insider's recent roundups of expressions from the South, Midwest, and New England, we've come up with 12 sayings that only people who hail from the Golden State will understand.

1. "There's a Sigalert for the carpool lane on the 5 south." 

Freeways are a huge part of Californians' daily existence, so of course there are plenty of slang terms associated with it. Californians may be the only people in the country to put "the" before the number of a freeway route (and they're never called highways), and the only people to call it the carpool lane instead of the HOV.

And if there's a Sigalert, take it as a hint to avoid the area completely. Sigalerts are messages issued by the California Highway Patrol when there's an accident or anything else blocking multiple lanes of traffic, meaning that notorious California traffic is even more horrendous than usual (see also: Carmageddon).

2. "It takes 20 minutes, depending on traffic."

People from California say this all the time to describe their location, and it's barely ever true. 30 minutes just sounds way too far, and 15 minutes is unrealistic.  

We all know that 20 minutes away really means something closer to 40, and that light traffic is never something you can depend on. 

3. "June Gloom."

Beginning in June (or even at the end of May if it's a particularly unlucky year), a wave of foggy weather invades coastal areas of California and ruins everyone's beach plans. June Gloom/Grey May/No-Sky July are southern Californian terms used to describe a weather pattern that brings low-lying clouds and mist during the early summer months. 

Though people from out of town will try to convince you it's just air pollution, the fog that appears every morning usually clears up by mid-afternoon or so. 

4. "The coldest winter I ever spent was a summer in San Francisco." 

This San Francisco cliche is usually attributed to Mark Twain, though there's no evidence he ever actually said it. Contrary to what pop culture may have you have believe, summer in the Bay Area is pretty cold, and fog is a nearly constant presence. 

The fog may be a nuisance to visitors touring the Bay Area, but San Franciscans embrace the fog as an essential part of what makes their city home. 

CA surfers 5. "It's pretty gnarly out, bro. It's double overhead today!"

Surfer culture has had a huge influence on the way Californians speak. You may hear surfers, skaters, and snowboarders talking about "shredding the gnar," but even those who refrain from participating in extreme sports tend to use the word "gnarly" to describe things that are either extremely good or extremely bad.

You'll also hear words like "epic," and of course, "dude." Waves that are "double overhead" are not meant for the faint of heart.

6. "I'm stoked." 

Though Merriam-Webster defines "stoke" as "to stir or add fuel to (something that is burning)" this expression has absolutely nothing to do with building a fire, at least in a literal sense. Californians are stoked when they're totally, completely exhilarated about something, whether it's a trip to the mountains or a huge swell coming just in time for the weekend. 

Now a commonly used word in many regions, "stoked" became popular with "The Endless Summer," a classic surfing movie documentary by Bruce Brown in 1966.  

7. "Hella."

Perhaps one of the most distinctive and divisive words on this list, the use of the word "hella" is an immediate indication that the speaker is from northern California. Derived from "hell of a" or "hell of a lot," the word is generally used in place of "really," "a lot," or "very."

Don't get caught using this word in the southern part of the state, however. You'll only hear people from the Bay Area say this, while people from elsewhere in California will probably find the term annoying

8. "The industry."

Vague references to "the industry" might be a little confusing to people not from southern California. When someone says their husband works in "the industry," they don't mean he's an industrial worker, though he may belong to a different kind of labor union. Actors, directors, producers, screenwriters, art directors, film editors, and talent agents are just a few people who make up the huge entity that is "the industry." 

Show business is so prominent, especially in Los Angeles, that Californians should automatically get the reference. 

9. "This burger is bomb."

We've all heard people refer to things as "the bomb" since the late '90s.  Californians often put their own spin on this outdated expression by taking out "the."

It's usually food items that are referred to as "bomb," though theoretically anything awesome could be referred to in this way. 

In n out10. "I'll take a number 2, animal style."

Californians are deeply proud of their In N' Out, a fast food burger chain that comes with its own jargon and a secret menu not advertised in stores. A burger served "animal style" has mustard fried into the patty and comes with extra spread and grilled onions. 

You can also order your fries animal style, or if you're especially hungry, try a 3x3 burger, which comes with three beef patties, or even a 4x4. 

11. "This burrito is dank." 

"Dank" is a prime example of a term whose meaning has changed from negative to positive thanks to slang usage. Though Merriam-Webster defines it as meaning "wet and cold in a way that is unpleasant," as in a dank basement, the word was adopted by stoner culture to describe high-quality marijuana. 

The word has since evolved to describe anything that is especially good, like an exceptionally tasty burrito. 

12. Whatever you do, definitely don't say "Cali." 

It seems that the only people who don't refer to California as "Cali" are the Golden State natives themselves. You will very, very rarely hear a Californian call their home state by this name, despite the fact that people from everywhere else love to call it that. 

If you want to blend in, try not to use this shudder-inducing word in the presence of California natives. 

SEE ALSO: The Best Tourist Attraction In Every State

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'I Have The Best Job In The World': What It Takes To Be A Taster At The Jack Daniel Distillery

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jack daniel

When Lynne Tolley, the great-grand niece of Jack Daniel, applied to be a whiskey taster at the Jack Daniel Distillery, she had to go through the same rigorous selection process as everyone else.

"I tried that card and they turned me down because they put me through tests for a whole year," Tolley said. "Then they finally said, 'Yeah, you can taste.' I must have great taste buds because I was selected to taste our premium Single Barrel Whiskey."

Thus for the last 20 years, Tolley has held the title of Master Whiskey Taster, one of five people tasked with tasting the distillery's premium whiskey. She is one of around 50 tasters in total. 

"I have the best job in the world. I get paid to taste Jack Daniel's every week," Tolley said. 

Tolley also runs Miss Mary Bobo’s Boarding House down the street from the Jack Daniel Distillery. For more than 100 years, Miss Mary Bobo was paid to house and feed guests visiting the distillery. When she died in 1983, the distillery bought the property to preserve it. 

"People forget that we are in a dry county here in Lynchburg and that you can't buy alcohol. The first thing they do when they come to Miss Mary Bobo's is order a cocktail. Every day we have one or two [foods] on the menu that has Jack Daniel's whiskey," Tolley said.

We ask Tolley a few questions about getting paid to taste Jack Daniel's:

How does the testing process work?

"Every Friday we go into a room and there will be three glasses on a table. Each glass has a little cover over so you slide that off and smell the aroma of the whiskey. You have to pick out the whiskey that is unlike the other two. See, one whiskey sample is taken from a different barrel. We are tasting to make sure that our product is consistent year-to-year. So we taste for consistency and quality control."

"Now, if you are tasting Single Barrel like I do it's a little different. You'll go in a room and there may be 50 glasses on the table. It always starts with the aroma of the whiskey. If you smell something that you think is a little different then you are allowed to taste it. Now after it sits on your pallet you are supposed to spit it out and then you have to drink water and move to the next sample. We don't mess around with eating Saltine crackers or anything like that."

Do the samples smell the same after a while?

"You know how when you go to perfume counters at department stores and they'll give you coffee beans to sniff after you've tried different perfumes? The same thing happens with whiskey. My trick is I smell the back of my hand. If you smell your skin, like the skin on the back of your hand, it clears out your nose. So that's my little trick."

As a relative of Jack did you have to go through the same testing process as other candidates? 

"It was about 20 years ago when I said to the guys at the distillery, 'Guys, I wanna become a taster.' I thought I could maybe get an easier time becoming one because I am a descendant of Jack. It's in my blood. They said to me, 'No, no, no we gotta check you to see if you can be a taster.' So, I tried that card and they turned me down because they put me through tests for a whole year. Then they finally said, 'Yeah, you can taste.' I must have great taste buds because I was selected to taste our premium Single Barrel Whiskey."

What do you taste?

"I think all the tasters look for something different. I always look for caramel, vanilla and sort of a toasted oak. There is this nuttiness. It's like the smell if you were cooking with roasted pecans. I always look for vanilla. Did you know you can substitute vanilla for Jack Daniel's when you're cooking? I do that at Miss Mary Bobo's." 

Is there anything special you do before you go in to taste the whiskey?

"I like to go and taste when im hungry because I feel like I can taste the whiskey better. I also don't wear any perfume that day. I think women are the best tasters because we have the best noses. That's just my personal opinion though. At the distillery it's about 50/50 men and women," Tolley said.

What was it like growing up as a descendant of Jack Daniel?

"You know, I have one brother and we grew up here and we never thought anything about it. The distillery wasn't as well known as it was now. It's a big deal now. I went to college in Georgia and I never mentioned my famous uncle. I just thought, 'well who wants to hear about any of that?"

Do you get any perks for being a Jack Daniel's taste-tester?

"We do. The first Friday of every month every employee gets a bottle of Jack Daniel's Old No. 7. We also get a commemorative bottle during the holiday season and on 4th of July. Since I am a taster, I usually get a gift that says 'Master Whiskey Taster Jack Daniel's Distillery' on it. Those gifts are quite the conversation starter when we go to conventions."

SEE ALSO: How Jack Daniels Makes So Much Whiskey In Such An Old Distillery

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